A Review on the Composition and Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and on the Taxonomy, Domestication, and Cultivation of Medicinal Fritillaria Species

Fritillaria is a perennial herb with medicinal properties. There are 158 species worldwide, 33 of which have reported therapeutic efficacy. Alkaloids the principal constituents in Fritillaria. growing at 2700–4000 m sources extract namely Chuan Beimu (the Pharmacopoeia People’s Republic China, 2020 Edition), low biomass, mainly containing more 5?-cevanine isosteroidal alkaloids cis-configuration. In contrast, below 1500 usually taller than 50 cm, and they contain trans-configuration alkaloids. two schemes biosynthetic pathways steroidal different frameworks catalytic reactions combined high-throughput omics data. Based on distributed elevations, were divided into three major categories, met classification features based phylogenetic analysis or morphological features. Artificial vitro cultivations effective strategies for balancing economical requirements ecological protection. lower altitudes can be cultivated by bulb reproduction, but higher still rely gathering large number wild resources. Integration asexual tissue culture reproduction sexual artificial imitated cultivation may create very promising way to maintain sustainable industrial development